PSTAKE
PSTAKE

Prezzo di pSTAKE Finance

$0,017906
-$0,00107
(-5,64%)
Variazione di prezzo nelle ultime 24 ore
USDUSD
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Informazioni sul mercato di pSTAKE Finance

Capitalizzazione di mercato
La capitalizzazione di mercato viene calcolata moltiplicando l'offerta circolante di una criptovaluta per il suo ultimo prezzo.
Capitalizzazione di mercato = Offerta circolante x Ultimo prezzo
Offerta circolante
L'importo totale di una criptovaluta disponibile pubblicamente sul mercato.
Grado di capitalizzazione di mercato
Il ranking di una criptovaluta in termini di valore della capitalizzazione di mercato.
Massimo storico
Il prezzo massimo di una criptovaluta raggiunto nella sua cronologia di trading.
Minimo storico
Il prezzo minimo di una criptovaluta raggiunto nella sua cronologia di trading.
Capitalizzazione di mercato
$8,96M
Offerta circolante
500.000.000 PSTAKE
100,00% di
500.000.000 PSTAKE
Grado di capitalizzazione di mercato
--
Audit
CertiK
Ultimo audit: 26 giu 2021
Massimo ultime 24 ore
$0,018986
Minimo ultime 24 ore
$0,017896
Massimo storico
$1,4500
-98,77% (-$1,4321)
Ultimo aggiornamento: 24 feb 2022
Minimo storico
$0,017900
+0,03% (+$0,0000060598)
Ultimo aggiornamento: 28 mar 2025

Calcolatore PSTAKE

USDUSD
PSTAKEPSTAKE

Il prezzo oggi dei pSTAKE Finance in USD

Il prezzo attuale di pSTAKE Finance è $0,017906. Nelle ultime 24 ore, pSTAKE Finance è diminuito di -5,64%. Al momento ha un'offerta circolante di 500.000.000 PSTAKE e un'offerta massima di 500.000.000 PSTAKE, assegnando una capitalizzazione di mercato completamente diluita di $8,96M. Al momento, la criptovaluta pSTAKE Finance detiene la posizione 0 nei ranking di capitalizzazione di mercato. Il prezzo pSTAKE Finance/USD è aggiornato in tempo reale.
Oggi
-$0,00107
-5,64%
7 giorni
-$0,00190
-9,62%
30 giorni
-$0,00312
-14,86%
3 mesi
-$0,03406
-65,55%

Informazioni su pSTAKE Finance (PSTAKE)

3.9/5
Certik
4.1
26/03/2025
CyberScope
3.7
27/03/2025
Il rating fornito è un rating aggregato raccolto da OKX dalle fonti date e ha scopo puramente informativo. OKX non garantisce la qualità o la precisione dei rating. Non è destinato a fornire (i) consigli o raccomandazioni in materia di investimenti; (ii) un'offerta o una sollecitazione all'acquisto, alla vendita o al possesso di asset digitali; oppure (iii) consigli di natura finanziaria, contabile, legale o fiscale. Gli asset digitali, tra cui stablecoin e NFT, comportano un elevato livello di rischio, sono soggetti a fluttuazioni estreme e possono perdere tutto il loro valore. Il prezzo e le prestazioni degli asset digitali non sono garantiti e potrebbero variare senza preavviso. I tuoi asset digitali non sono coperti da garanzia contro potenziali perdite. I rendimenti storici non rappresentano un'indicazione di rendimenti futuri. OKX non garantisce alcun rimborso di capitale o interessi. OKX non garantisce il rimborso del capitale o dell'interesse. Valuta attentamente se fare trading o mantenere asset digitali è idoneo per te alla luce delle tue condizioni finanziarie. Consulta il tuo professionista legale/fiscale/di investimenti in caso di domande sulle tue circostanze specifiche.
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  • Informazioni sui siti Web di terze parti
    Informazioni sui siti Web di terze parti
    Utilizzando il sito Web di terze parti ("TPW"), accetti che qualsiasi utilizzo del TPW sarà soggetto e regolato dai termini del sito TPW. Salvo espressa indicazione scritta, OKX e le sue affiliate ("OKX") non sono in alcun modo associati al proprietario o all'operatore del TPW. Accetti che OKX non sia responsabile per eventuali perdite, danni e qualsiasi altra conseguenza derivante dall'utilizzo del TPW. Tieni presente che l'utilizzo di un TPW potrebbe comportare una perdita o una riduzione dei tuoi asset.

pSTAKE Finance (PSTAKE) è un attore di primo piano nel settore della finanza decentralizzata (DeFi), in rapida evoluzione. Mentre le criptovalute erano tradizionalmente limitate agli investimenti a lungo termine e al trading a breve termine, l'avvento della DeFi ha introdotto un'ampia gamma di servizi bancari decentralizzati. Tra questi servizi, lo staking è emerso come una scelta popolare, attirando numerosi progetti nello spazio. pSTAKE Finance si distingue come una piattaforma di staking innovativa, che offre caratteristiche e funzionalità uniche ai suoi utenti.

Cos’è pSTAKE Finance?

pSTAKE Finance è una soluzione di liquid staking che mira a sbloccare il pieno potenziale dei token PoS fornendo liquidità per gli asset in staking. Il protocollo è progettato per estrarre il valore sottostante degli asset in staking sulle blockchain PoS.

Una delle caratteristiche uniche di pSTAKE Finance è la distribuzione delle ricompense dello staking in pTOKENS, indipendentemente dalla blockchain nativa degli asset in staking depositati. Il protocollo collabora con validatori affermati di varie blockchain L1, tra cui Stake-fish, Chorus One ed Everstake, garantendo l'affidabilità e la sicurezza del processo di staking.

Il team di pSTAKE Finance

Il team del progetto pSTAKE Finance è composto dai fondatori Tushar Aggarwal e Deepanshu Tripathi. Aggarwal ricopre anche il ruolo di CEO di Persistence, mentre Tripathi è il CTO. Inoltre, il team comprende il project lead Mikhil Pandey e l'engineering lead Kamlesh Parikarath Marar.

Funzionamento di pSTAKE Finance

pSTAKE Finance opera fornendo supporto alle reti PoS attraverso la detenzione di token pSTAKE. Gli utenti possono depositare i loro beni sulla rete pSTAKE, consentendo loro di coniarne i token derivati ERC-20 che sono agganciati 1:1 ad asset originali.

Questi token derivati possono essere utilizzati all'interno dell'ecosistema DeFi di Ethereum, consentendo agli utenti di massimizzare il loro rendimento. Inoltre, questi token derivati possono essere estesi a più reti blockchain in base a fattori quali l'utilizzo, la liquidità e altre considerazioni.

Depositando gli asset sulla piattaforma pSTAKE, gli utenti hanno il vantaggio di poter uscire immediatamente dalle loro posizioni di staking senza alcun periodo di attesa. Questa caratteristica è vantaggiosa in caso di improvvise fluttuazioni dei prezzi, consentendo agli utenti di rispondere rapidamente ai cambiamenti del mercato.

PSTAKE: il token nativo di pSTAKE Finance

PSTAKE è la criptovaluta nativa di pSTAKE Finance ed è stata lanciata a fine febbraio 2022. L'offerta totale e massima di token PSTAKE è fissata a 500 milioni. Tuttavia, è essenziale sottolineare che l'offerta circolante di token PSTAKE è di soli 44,3 milioni, pari a circa l'8,87% del totale delle criptovalute in circolazione.

Casi d’uso di PSTAKE

Il caso d'uso principale del token PSTAKE è lo staking, come suggerisce il suo nome. Inoltre, il token può essere utilizzato per fare trading, investire, prendere in prestito, prestare e fornire liquidità sugli exchange decentralizzati (DEX).

Distribuzione dei token PSTAKE

PSTAKE ha distribuito i suoi token per sostenere la crescita e lo sviluppo del progetto.

La distribuzione dei token è la seguente:

  • Il 26% è destinato al fondo di sviluppo di pStake.
  • Il 20% è riservato alla tesoreria della società.
  • Il 20% è dedicato alle vendite strategiche.
  • Il 16% è destinato al team principale.
  • Il 6% è destinato ai premi retroattivi.
  • Il 5% è riservato esclusivamente alle vendite pubbliche.
  • Il 3% è destinato agli staker XPRT.
  • Il 3% è destinato alla piattaforma di lancio Alpha.
  • Il 2% è destinato al bootstrapping del protocollo.

pSTAKE Finance: un innovativo protocollo di staking 

pSTAKE Finance è un protocollo di staking innovativo che presenta opportunità uniche per gli utenti del settore DeFi. Con pSTAKE Finance, gli utenti possono massimizzare i loro guadagni utilizzando le stesse monete per guadagnare il doppio. Questo permette loro di sbloccare ulteriori opportunità e di beneficiare ulteriormente delle funzionalità della DeFi. Per gli individui che desiderano trarre profitto dallo spazio DeFi, pSTAKE Finance è un progetto che vale la pena considerare e ricercare.

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Domande frequenti relative al prezzo di pSTAKE Finance

Cos’è pSTAKE Finance?

pSTAKE Finance (PSTAKE) è un protocollo di liquid staking costruito sulla blockchain Persistence. La piattaforma consente agli utenti di mettere in staking i propri asset, comprese le monete native di diverse blockchain, in modo fluido ed efficiente.

Quali sono i vantaggi di pSTAKE Finance?

Uno dei vantaggi principali di pSTAKE Finance è la possibilità di sbloccare il valore delle monete in staking. Gli utenti ricevono dei token secondari che rappresentano i loro asset in staking partecipando al protocollo di liquid staking della piattaforma. Questi token possono essere utilizzati liberamente in vari protocolli di finanza decentralizzata (DeFi), offrendo agli utenti ulteriori opportunità di guadagnare ricompense e massimizzare la loro utilità all'interno dell'ecosistema DeFi.

Dove acquistare i token PSTAKE?

Puoi acquistare facilmente i token pSTAKE sulla piattaforma di criptovalute OKX. Le coppie di trading disponibili nell’exchange di trading spot di OKX includono PSTAKE/USDT.

Puoi scambiare le tue criptovalute, tra cui Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Tether (USDT), e USD Coin (USDC), con pSTAKE senza commissioni e senza slippage di prezzo utilizzando OKX Convert.

A quanto corrisponde 1 pSTAKE Finance oggi?
Al momento, un pSTAKE Finance vale $0,017906. Per risposte e informazioni approfondite sull'azione sui prezzi di pSTAKE Finance, sei nel posto giusto. Esplora i grafici pSTAKE Finance più recenti e fai trading in modo responsabile con OKX.
Che cosa sono le criptovalute?
Le criptovalute, ad esempio pSTAKE Finance, sono asset digitali che operano su un ledger pubblico chiamato blockchain. Scopri di più su monete e token offerti su OKX e sui loro diversi attributi, inclusi prezzi e grafici in tempo reale.
Quando è stata inventata la criptovaluta?
A seguito della crisi finanziaria del 2008, l'interesse nei confronti della finanza decentralizzata è cresciuto. Bitcoin ha offerto una nuova soluzione imponendosi come asset digitale sicuro su una rete decentralizzata. Da allora, sono stati creati anche molti altri token come pSTAKE Finance.
Il prezzo di pSTAKE Finance aumenterà oggi?
Dai un'occhiata alla nostra pagina di previsione sul prezzo di pSTAKE Finance per prevedere i prezzi futuri e determinare i tuoi target di prezzo.

Informativa ESG

Le normative ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) per gli asset di criptovaluta hanno lo scopo di gestire il loro impatto ambientale (ad es., attività minerarie dispendiose in termini di energia), promuovere la trasparenza e garantire pratiche di governance etiche per allineare l'industria delle criptovalute ai più ampi obiettivi di sostenibilità e sociali. Queste normative incoraggiano la conformità agli standard che riducono i rischi e favoriscono la fiducia negli asset digitali.
Dettagli degli asset
Nome
OKcoin Europe LTD
Identificatore dell'entità legale pertinente
54930069NLWEIGLHXU42
Nome dell'asset di criptovaluta
pstake_finance
Meccanismo di consenso
pstake_finance is present on the following networks: base, binance_smart_chain, ethereum, optimism, osmosis, sui. The consensus mechanism of the Base protocol, an Ethereum Layer 2 solution launched by Coinbase, utilizes Optimistic Rollups for scaling built on the Optimism software development kit (SDK). Key Components: 1. Optimistic Rollups: Assumption of Validity: Transactions are assumed valid by default and are processed off-chain. Instead of proving the validity of every transaction, the system assumes they are correct unless challenged. Fraud Proofs: If there is a suspicion of fraud, a challenge mechanism (fault proof) allows anyone to dispute the validity of a transaction within a specific time frame. If a transaction is found to be fraudulent, it is rolled back, and the dishonest actor is penalized. 2. Sequencer: Transaction Ordering: The sequencer is responsible for ordering transactions and creating batches to be processed off-chain. Block Production: It constructs and executes Layer 2 blocks, which are then submitted to Ethereum (Layer 1) for finality. State Updates: Provides transaction confirmations and state updates, ensuring the network's state remains consistent and accurate. 3. Interaction with Ethereum: On-Chain Contracts: Optimistic Rollups use smart contracts deployed on Ethereum to manage rollup blocks, monitor state updates, and track user deposits. Off-Chain Computation: Most computations and state storage occur off-chain, enhancing scalability and reducing fees. 4. Security and Decentralization: Modular OP Stack: Base is built on the open-source OP Stack from Optimism, which is designed to be highly modular and customizable. Commitment Posting: Periodically, the post-transaction state is committed to Ethereum, ensuring the security and integrity of the Layer 2 transactions. Censorship Resistance: The architecture provides censorship resistance equivalent to Ethereum, as it allows direct submission of transactions to the sequencer. Binance Smart Chain (BSC) uses a hybrid consensus mechanism called Proof of Staked Authority (PoSA), which combines elements of Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) and Proof of Authority (PoA). This method ensures fast block times and low fees while maintaining a level of decentralization and security. Core Components 1. Validators (so-called “Cabinet Members”): Validators on BSC are responsible for producing new blocks, validating transactions, and maintaining the network’s security. To become a validator, an entity must stake a significant amount of BNB (Binance Coin). Validators are selected through staking and voting by token holders. There are 21 active validators at any given time, rotating to ensure decentralization and security. 2. Delegators: Token holders who do not wish to run validator nodes can delegate their BNB tokens to validators. This delegation helps validators increase their stake and improves their chances of being selected to produce blocks. Delegators earn a share of the rewards that validators receive, incentivizing broad participation in network security. 3. Candidates: Candidates are nodes that have staked the required amount of BNB and are in the pool waiting to become validators. They are essentially potential validators who are not currently active but can be elected to the validator set through community voting. Candidates play a crucial role in ensuring there is always a sufficient pool of nodes ready to take on validation tasks, thus maintaining network resilience and decentralization. Consensus Process 4. Validator Selection: Validators are chosen based on the amount of BNB staked and votes received from delegators. The more BNB staked and votes received, the higher the chance of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. The selection process involves both the current validators and the pool of candidates, ensuring a dynamic and secure rotation of nodes. 5. Block Production: The selected validators take turns producing blocks in a PoA-like manner, ensuring that blocks are generated quickly and efficiently. Validators validate transactions, add them to new blocks, and broadcast these blocks to the network. 6. Transaction Finality: BSC achieves fast block times of around 3 seconds and quick transaction finality. This is achieved through the efficient PoSA mechanism that allows validators to rapidly reach consensus. Security and Economic Incentives 7. Staking: Validators are required to stake a substantial amount of BNB, which acts as collateral to ensure their honest behavior. This staked amount can be slashed if validators act maliciously. Staking incentivizes validators to act in the network's best interest to avoid losing their staked BNB. 8. Delegation and Rewards: Delegators earn rewards proportional to their stake in validators. This incentivizes them to choose reliable validators and participate in the network’s security. Validators and delegators share transaction fees as rewards, which provides continuous economic incentives to maintain network security and performance. 9. Transaction Fees: BSC employs low transaction fees, paid in BNB, making it cost-effective for users. These fees are collected by validators as part of their rewards, further incentivizing them to validate transactions accurately and efficiently. The Ethereum network uses a Proof-of-Stake Consensus Mechanism to validate new transactions on the blockchain. Core Components 1. Validators: Validators are responsible for proposing and validating new blocks. To become a validator, a user must deposit (stake) 32 ETH into a smart contract. This stake acts as collateral and can be slashed if the validator behaves dishonestly. 2. Beacon Chain: The Beacon Chain is the backbone of Ethereum 2.0. It coordinates the network of validators and manages the consensus protocol. It is responsible for creating new blocks, organizing validators into committees, and implementing the finality of blocks. Consensus Process 1. Block Proposal: Validators are chosen randomly to propose new blocks. This selection is based on a weighted random function (WRF), where the weight is determined by the amount of ETH staked. 2. Attestation: Validators not proposing a block participate in attestation. They attest to the validity of the proposed block by voting for it. Attestations are then aggregated to form a single proof of the block’s validity. 3. Committees: Validators are organized into committees to streamline the validation process. Each committee is responsible for validating blocks within a specific shard or the Beacon Chain itself. This ensures decentralization and security, as a smaller group of validators can quickly reach consensus. 4. Finality: Ethereum 2.0 uses a mechanism called Casper FFG (Friendly Finality Gadget) to achieve finality. Finality means that a block and its transactions are considered irreversible and confirmed. Validators vote on the finality of blocks, and once a supermajority is reached, the block is finalized. 5. Incentives and Penalties: Validators earn rewards for participating in the network, including proposing blocks and attesting to their validity. Conversely, validators can be penalized (slashed) for malicious behavior, such as double-signing or being offline for extended periods. This ensures honest participation and network security. Optimism is a Layer 2 scaling solution for Ethereum that uses Optimistic Rollups to increase transaction throughput and reduce costs while inheriting the security of the Ethereum main chain. Core Components 1. Optimistic Rollups: Rollup Blocks: Transactions are batched into rollup blocks and processed off-chain. State Commitments: The state of these transactions is periodically committed to the Ethereum main chain. 2. Sequencers: Transaction Ordering: Sequencers are responsible for ordering transactions and creating batches. State Updates: Sequencers update the state of the rollup and submit these updates to the Ethereum main chain. Block Production: They construct and execute Layer 2 blocks, which are then posted to Ethereum. 3. Fraud Proofs: Assumption of Validity: Transactions are assumed to be valid by default. Challenge Period: A specific time window during which anyone can challenge a transaction by submitting a fraud proof. Dispute Resolution: If a transaction is challenged, an interactive verification game is played to determine its validity. If fraud is detected, the invalid state is rolled back, and the dishonest participant is penalized. Consensus Process 1. Transaction Submission: Users submit transactions to the sequencer, which orders them into batches. 2. Batch Processing: The sequencer processes these transactions off-chain, updating the Layer 2 state. 3. State Commitment: The updated state and the batch of transactions are periodically committed to the Ethereum main chain. This is done by posting the state root (a cryptographic hash representing the state) and transaction data as calldata on Ethereum. 4. Fraud Proofs and Challenges: Once a batch is posted, there is a challenge period during which anyone can submit a fraud proof if they believe a transaction is invalid. Interactive Verification: The dispute is resolved through an interactive verification game, which involves breaking down the transaction into smaller steps to identify the exact point of fraud. Rollbacks and Penalties: If fraud is proven, the batch is rolled back, and the dishonest actor loses their staked collateral as a penalty. 5. Finality: After the challenge period, if no fraud proof is submitted, the batch is considered final. This means the transactions are accepted as valid, and the state updates are permanent. Osmosis operates on a Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, leveraging the Cosmos SDK and Tendermint Core to provide secure, decentralized, and scalable transaction processing. Core Components: Proof of Stake (PoS): Validators are chosen based on the amount of OSMO tokens they stake or are delegated by other token holders. Validators are responsible for validating transactions, producing blocks, and maintaining network security. Cosmos SDK and Tendermint Core: Osmosis uses Tendermint Core for Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) consensus, ensuring fast finality and resistance to attacks as long as less than one-third of validators are malicious. Decentralized Governance: OSMO token holders can participate in governance by voting on protocol upgrades and network parameters, fostering a community-driven approach to network development. The Sui blockchain utilizes a Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) consensus mechanism optimized for high throughput and low latency. Core Components 1. Mysten Consensus Protocol: The Sui consensus is based on Mysten Labs' Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) protocol, which builds on principles of Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (pBFT) but introduces key optimizations for performance. Leaderless Design: Unlike traditional BFT models, Sui does not rely on a single leader to propose blocks. Validators can propose blocks simultaneously, increasing efficiency and reducing the risks associated with leader failure or attacks. Parallel Processing: Transactions can be processed in parallel, maximizing network throughput by utilizing multiple cores and threads. This allows for faster confirmation of transactions and high scalability. 2. Transaction Validation: Validators are responsible for receiving transaction requests from clients and processing them. Each transaction includes digital signatures and must meet the network’s rules to be considered valid. Validators can propose transactions simultaneously, unlike many other networks that require a sequential, leader-driven process. 3. Optimistic Execution: Optimistic Consensus: Sui allows validators to process certain non-contentious, independent transactions without waiting for full consensus. This is known as optimistic execution and helps reduce transaction latency for many use cases, allowing for fast finality in most cases. 4. Finality and Latency: The system only requires three rounds of communication between validators to finalize a transaction. This results in low-latency consensus and rapid transaction confirmation times, achieving scalability while maintaining security. Fault Tolerance: The system can tolerate up to one-third of validators being faulty or malicious without compromising the integrity of the consensus process.
Meccanismi di incentivi e commissioni applicabili
pstake_finance is present on the following networks: base, binance_smart_chain, ethereum, optimism, osmosis, sui. Base, an Ethereum Layer 2 scaling solution, uses a combination of economic incentives and security mechanisms to ensure the integrity and security of transactions. Base leverages Optimistic Rollups to enhance scalability while maintaining security. Incentive Mechanisms 1. Validators and Sequencers: Sequencers: In Base, sequencers are responsible for ordering transactions and creating batches that are processed off-chain. They play a crucial role in maintaining network efficiency and throughput. Validator Rewards: Validators earn rewards for participating in the consensus process. These rewards can include transaction fees and additional protocol incentives. 2. Economic Incentives: Transaction Fees: Sequencers earn transaction fees from users who want their transactions processed. These fees incentivize sequencers to operate honestly and efficiently. Challenge Rewards: Users who successfully challenge invalid transactions by submitting fraud proofs are rewarded. This mechanism encourages the community to actively monitor and ensure the correctness of transactions. 3. Penalties for Malicious Behavior: Economic Penalties: Validators or sequencers that act maliciously, such as including invalid transactions, face economic penalties. These penalties can include forfeiture of staked tokens or other forms of economic loss. Fraud Proofs: If a transaction is challenged and found to be invalid, the dishonest party (sequencer) faces penalties, and the state is reverted. This discourages malicious behavior and ensures network integrity. Fees Applicable on the Base Blockchain Protocol 1. Transaction Fees: Layer 2 Transaction Fees: Users pay fees for transactions processed on the Layer 2 network. These fees are typically lower than those on the Ethereum mainnet due to the reduced computational load on the main chain. Cost Efficiency: By aggregating multiple transactions into a single batch, Base reduces the overall cost per transaction, making it more economical for users. 2. L1 Data Fees: Posting Batches to Ethereum: Periodically, state updates from Layer 2 transactions are posted to the Ethereum mainnet as calldata. This involves a fee, known as the L1 data fee, which covers the gas cost of publishing these state updates on Ethereum. Cost Sharing: The fixed costs of posting state updates to Ethereum are spread across multiple transactions within a batch, reducing the cost burden on individual transactions. 3. Smart Contract Fees: Execution Costs: Fees for deploying and interacting with smart contracts on Base are based on the computational resources required. This ensures that users are charged proportionally for the resources they consume. Binance Smart Chain (BSC) uses the Proof of Staked Authority (PoSA) consensus mechanism to ensure network security and incentivize participation from validators and delegators. Incentive Mechanisms 1. Validators: Staking Rewards: Validators must stake a significant amount of BNB to participate in the consensus process. They earn rewards in the form of transaction fees and block rewards. Selection Process: Validators are selected based on the amount of BNB staked and the votes received from delegators. The more BNB staked and votes received, the higher the chances of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. 2. Delegators: Delegated Staking: Token holders can delegate their BNB to validators. This delegation increases the validator's total stake and improves their chances of being selected to produce blocks. Shared Rewards: Delegators earn a portion of the rewards that validators receive. This incentivizes token holders to participate in the network’s security and decentralization by choosing reliable validators. 3. Candidates: Pool of Potential Validators: Candidates are nodes that have staked the required amount of BNB and are waiting to become active validators. They ensure that there is always a sufficient pool of nodes ready to take on validation tasks, maintaining network resilience. 4. Economic Security: Slashing: Validators can be penalized for malicious behavior or failure to perform their duties. Penalties include slashing a portion of their staked tokens, ensuring that validators act in the best interest of the network. Opportunity Cost: Staking requires validators and delegators to lock up their BNB tokens, providing an economic incentive to act honestly to avoid losing their staked assets. Fees on the Binance Smart Chain 5. Transaction Fees: Low Fees: BSC is known for its low transaction fees compared to other blockchain networks. These fees are paid in BNB and are essential for maintaining network operations and compensating validators. Dynamic Fee Structure: Transaction fees can vary based on network congestion and the complexity of the transactions. However, BSC ensures that fees remain significantly lower than those on the Ethereum mainnet. 6. Block Rewards: Incentivizing Validators: Validators earn block rewards in addition to transaction fees. These rewards are distributed to validators for their role in maintaining the network and processing transactions. 7. Cross-Chain Fees: Interoperability Costs: BSC supports cross-chain compatibility, allowing assets to be transferred between Binance Chain and Binance Smart Chain. These cross-chain operations incur minimal fees, facilitating seamless asset transfers and improving user experience. 8. Smart Contract Fees: Deployment and Execution Costs: Deploying and interacting with smart contracts on BSC involves paying fees based on the computational resources required. These fees are also paid in BNB and are designed to be cost-effective, encouraging developers to build on the BSC platform. Ethereum, particularly after transitioning to Ethereum 2.0 (Eth2), employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism to secure its network. The incentives for validators and the fee structures play crucial roles in maintaining the security and efficiency of the blockchain. Incentive Mechanisms 1. Staking Rewards: Validator Rewards: Validators are essential to the PoS mechanism. They are responsible for proposing and validating new blocks. To participate, they must stake a minimum of 32 ETH. In return, they earn rewards for their contributions, which are paid out in ETH. These rewards are a combination of newly minted ETH and transaction fees from the blocks they validate. Reward Rate: The reward rate for validators is dynamic and depends on the total amount of ETH staked in the network. The more ETH staked, the lower the individual reward rate, and vice versa. This is designed to balance the network's security and the incentive to participate. 2. Transaction Fees: Base Fee: After the implementation of Ethereum Improvement Proposal (EIP) 1559, the transaction fee model changed to include a base fee that is burned (i.e., removed from circulation). This base fee adjusts dynamically based on network demand, aiming to stabilize transaction fees and reduce volatility. Priority Fee (Tip): Users can also include a priority fee (tip) to incentivize validators to include their transactions more quickly. This fee goes directly to the validators, providing them with an additional incentive to process transactions efficiently. 3. Penalties for Malicious Behavior: Slashing: Validators face penalties (slashing) if they engage in malicious behavior, such as double-signing or validating incorrect information. Slashing results in the loss of a portion of their staked ETH, discouraging bad actors and ensuring that validators act in the network's best interest. Inactivity Penalties: Validators also face penalties for prolonged inactivity. This ensures that validators remain active and engaged in maintaining the network's security and operation. Fees Applicable on the Ethereum Blockchain 1. Gas Fees: Calculation: Gas fees are calculated based on the computational complexity of transactions and smart contract executions. Each operation on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) has an associated gas cost. Dynamic Adjustment: The base fee introduced by EIP-1559 dynamically adjusts according to network congestion. When demand for block space is high, the base fee increases, and when demand is low, it decreases. 2. Smart Contract Fees: Deployment and Interaction: Deploying a smart contract on Ethereum involves paying gas fees proportional to the contract's complexity and size. Interacting with deployed smart contracts (e.g., executing functions, transferring tokens) also incurs gas fees. Optimizations: Developers are incentivized to optimize their smart contracts to minimize gas usage, making transactions more cost-effective for users. 3. Asset Transfer Fees: Token Transfers: Transferring ERC-20 or other token standards involves gas fees. These fees vary based on the token's contract implementation and the current network demand. Optimism, an Ethereum Layer 2 scaling solution, uses Optimistic Rollups to increase transaction throughput and reduce costs while maintaining security and decentralization. Here's an in-depth look at the incentive mechanisms and applicable fees within the Optimism protocol: Incentive Mechanisms 1. Sequencers: Transaction Ordering: Sequencers are responsible for ordering and batching transactions off-chain. They play a critical role in maintaining the efficiency and speed of the network. Economic Incentives: Sequencers earn transaction fees from users. These fees incentivize sequencers to process transactions quickly and accurately. 2. Validators and Fraud Proofs: Assumption of Validity: In Optimistic Rollups, transactions are assumed to be valid by default. This allows for quick transaction finality. Challenge Mechanism: Validators (or anyone) can challenge the validity of a transaction by submitting a fraud proof during a specified challenge period. This mechanism ensures that invalid transactions are detected and reverted. Challenge Rewards: Successful challengers are rewarded for identifying and proving fraudulent transactions. This incentivizes participants to actively monitor the network for invalid transactions, thereby enhancing security. 3. Economic Penalties: Fraud Proof Penalties: If a sequencer includes an invalid transaction and it is successfully challenged, they face economic penalties, such as losing a portion of their staked collateral. This discourages dishonest behavior. Inactivity and Misbehavior: Validators and sequencers are also incentivized to remain active and behave correctly, as inactivity or misbehavior can lead to penalties and loss of rewards. Fees Applicable on the Optimism Layer 2 Protocol 1. Transaction Fees: Layer 2 Transaction Fees: Users pay fees for transactions processed on the Layer 2 network. These fees are generally lower than Ethereum mainnet fees due to the reduced computational load on the main chain. Cost Efficiency: By batching multiple transactions into a single batch, Optimism reduces the overall cost per transaction, making it more economical for users. 2. L1 Data Fees: Posting Batches to Ethereum: Periodically, the state updates from Layer 2 transactions are posted to the Ethereum mainnet as calldata. This involves a fee known as the L1 data fee, which covers the gas cost of publishing these state updates on Ethereum. Cost Sharing: The fixed costs of posting state updates to Ethereum are spread across multiple transactions within a batch, reducing the cost burden on individual transactions. 3. Smart Contract Fees: Execution Costs: Fees for deploying and interacting with smart contracts on Optimism are based on the computational resources required. This ensures that users are charged proportionally for the resources they consume. Osmosis incentivizes validators, delegators, and liquidity providers through a combination of staking rewards, transaction fees, and liquidity incentives. Incentive Mechanisms: Validator Rewards: Validators earn rewards from transaction fees and block rewards, distributed in OSMO tokens, for their role in securing the network and processing transactions. Delegators who stake their OSMO tokens with validators receive a share of these rewards. Liquidity Provider Rewards: Users providing liquidity to Osmosis pools earn swap fees and may receive additional incentives in the form of OSMO tokens to encourage liquidity provision. Superfluid Staking: Liquidity providers can participate in superfluid staking, staking a portion of their OSMO tokens within liquidity pools. This mechanism allows users to earn staking rewards while maintaining liquidity in the pools. Applicable Fees: Transaction Fees: Users pay transaction fees in OSMO tokens for network activities, including swaps, staking, and governance participation. These fees are distributed to validators and delegators, incentivizing their continued participation and support for network security. Security and Economic Incentives: 1. Validators: Validators stake SUI tokens to participate in the consensus process. They earn rewards for validating transactions and securing the network. Slashing: Validators can be penalized (slashed) for malicious behavior, such as double-signing or failing to properly validate transactions. This helps maintain network security and incentivizes honest behavior. 2. Delegation: Token holders can delegate their SUI tokens to trusted validators. In return, they share in the rewards earned by validators. This encourages widespread participation in securing the network. Fees on the SUI Blockchain 1. Transaction Fees: Users pay transaction fees to validators for processing and confirming transactions. These fees are calculated based on the computational resources required to process the transaction. Fees are paid in SUI tokens, which is the native cryptocurrency of the Sui blockchain. 2. Dynamic Fee Model: The transaction fees on Sui are dynamic, meaning they adjust based on network demand and the complexity of the transactions being processed.
Inizio del periodo di riferimento dell'informativa
2024-03-26
Fine del periodo di riferimento dell'informativa
2025-03-26
Report sull'energia
Utilizzo di energia
80.39434 (kWh/a)
Metodologie e fonti di energia
The energy consumption of this asset is aggregated across multiple components: To determine the energy consumption of a token, the energy consumption of the network(s) osmosis, ethereum, base, optimism, sui, binance_smart_chain is calculated first. Based on the crypto asset's gas consumption per network, the share of the total consumption of the respective network that is assigned to this asset is defined. When calculating the energy consumption, we used - if available - the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) to determine all implementations of the asset of question in scope and we update the mappings regulary, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation.
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